Dead Men DoTell Tales 

Introduction: Tales From the Crypts

If you could locate the grave of your 30x great-grandfather and dig him up and talk to him, you'd have trouble understanding him because he wouldn't speak your language, or at least a comprehensible version of it, and so you'd have to speak in an impromptu sign language and lot would be lost in translation. But you could learn a few things, at least, and those few things might be quite interesting.

I haven't personally spoken to any dead ancestors, and others have, and in this post we're going to meet some of those dead people and hear what they've told the people who did literally dig them up from their graves and figurative talked to them. Unfortuntely none of those dead people was an actual ancestor in the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line, although it's possible--actually, probable--that a few of them were genealogical ancestors and a few of them have probably passed down a few DNA segments to some of the living Swaims and den Hartogs, as well as no doubt to many of the other people likely to read this post.

The people doing the grave robbing are called archaeogeneticists because they combine traditional archaeology with genetics in their study of ancient people. Genetics, as well as other advanced technologies such as isotope analysis, has added an expanisve new dimension of understanding the past.

Over the past few years, the study of the genetics of ancient individuals has increased greatly, and a few dozen of those individuals are from the paternal haplogroup E-V13 to which the Swaim/den Hartog line belongs; of these, four are from haplogroup E-FGC11450, a descendant haplogroup of E-V13, to which the Swaim/den Hartog line more specifically belongs. This is not a minor event, because it tells us a great deal about the likely past of the Swaim/den Hartog line that previously we didn't know.

From at least 600-1000 AD at least 23 members of E-FGC11450, E-FGC11451, E-S2979, E-Z5018 and E-BY2880 lived in the Tisa (Tisza, Theiss) region of today's Hungary, with some spillover into western Romania. From 567 AD to to 796 AD the Tisa region was the heartland of the Pannonian Avar khaganate. During this time one other E-FGC11450 member lived in today's Nustar, Pannonian Croatia, which during his lifetime was also part of the Avar khaganateThe Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads that had moved west into Pannonia and surrounding Balkan regions after cooperating with the Germanic Lombards to destroy the Germanic Gepid kingdom that had sprung up in the region after the Gepids and other tribes had defeated the Huns, of whom they had been vassals. Before the arrival of the Huns, this region west of the Danube had been the Roman Pannonian provinces, while the Iranic Sarmatian Iazyges had lived east of the Danube and east of the Sarmatians were Dacians and Goths, who had been pushing westward from their kingdom on the Pontic Steppe north of the Back Sea. From about 370 AD the Huns had overrun the Alans, then the Goths and Gepids, conquering each of these and making them vassals. The unied Huns, Goths, Gepids, Alans and othershad then moved inrogoth village culturally influenced by the Huns. Consistent with his E-V13 Y-DNA haplogroup, Fonyod 9 was autosomally 95+% Mediterranean. However, as was true of most of the Fonyod villagers, he also had small amounts of African, "South Asian" and East Asian ancestry. Unlike the majority of the Fonyod villagers his skull was not intentionally deformed, but that may have been because he'd died as an infant. Artificial Skull Deformation (ACD) was a custom of Huns, Sarmatians, Avars, and other steppe populations at that time; the Goths, Gepids and some other Germanic tribes had also adopted the custom.

Nuštar 28388 lived from 750-780 AD in Nuštar, Pannonian Croatia, which was part of the Avar khaganate. Archaeogeneticists described his social status as "high," presumably mostly based on the grave goods buried with him. His ancestry was described as "Balkans Iron-Age related."

Derecske 20799 lived from 750-800 AD in the Tisa region east of the Tisa in what was later Bihar county.in the Kingdom of Hungary. He was the only of the 5 E-FGC11450 ancient men to have lived in the Tisa region during the time of Avar rule. His had an "admixture genomic profile with a ~35% Eastern Steppe component and a ~65% source that best matches the preceding local Carpathian Basin groups" A certain amount of that local admixture was possibly Eastern European. His skull was intentionally deformed in a particular way that the archaeogeneticists had nothed in a few other Tisa region individuals.

Püspökladány 23 lived in the Tisa region from 960-1l00 AD. This at least 140 years after the Avars had lost control of the region and had ceased to exist as a separate people. The Hungarians had arrived in the Carpathian Basin in the 860's AD and the Catholic Kingdom of Hungary was founded around 1000 AD. Püspökladány is located about 25 miles from Derecske, and both Püspökladány 23 and Derecske 20799 were in the E-FGC11450 descendant branch E-FGC11444, so they may have been belonged to a local extended family that remained local through time.and political restructuring. Püspökladány 23 had a 2% Han Chinese component, a 6% Iranian component, and a 44% Northern European component.

Arpad 53 lived from 1100-1300 in the Kingdom of Hungary. His identity and place of birth are unknown, but because he lived at a time when various written records were kept, and because he was prestigious enough to have been buried in the inner church of the Arpad burial place, it's likely that his name can be found in one record or another. I've discussed him in a previous post, but since then I've located an online book by a couple of the researchers who had studied him and the other Szekesferhervar remains and learned that when his remains had been originally disinterred by an archaeologist in the 1800's that archaeologist had believed that Arpad 53's remains were that of the first king of Hungary, Stephen I. Archaeogeneticists have established that this is unlikely, as the probable remains of king Bela III had Y-DNA that was R1b rather than the E-V13 of Arpad 53, although it's also possible that both could have been Arpad kings even with different Y-DNA if one of them had been the son of an unfaithful wife--and unfaithful wives of Arpad kings were not unknown as king Coloman (Kalman) (1070-1116) (possibly the son of Sofia van Loon) had caught his pregnant wife, Euphemia of Kiev, in the act of adultery and had expelled her from Hungary. Euphemia's son Boris later made attempts to claim the Hungarian throne but as Coloman couldn't know whether or not Boris was his son, he had never acknowledged him as his son and Boris was never successful--but if Coloman had never caught his wife committing adultery and Boris was not Coloman's son, Boris might have become king of Hungary even though not actually an Arpad. However, I'm not suggesting that Arpad 53 was Stephen I, but only explaining how it could be possible. I actually believe it's much more likely that Arpad 53 was Saul, count of Bihar (-after 1118), whose had married Sofia of Hungary, daughter of king Coloman mentioned above. This would explain his burial in Szekefehervar and could plausibly explain his E-FGC11450 Y-DNA haplogroup because both Derecske 20799 and and Puspokladany 23, also E-FGC11450, had earlier lived in the later county of Bihar (Derecske is located only 30 miles from Bihar, Romania, the seat of the former Bihar County). This local region may have had a high concentration of E-FGC11450. I'll develop this hypothesis in more detail in a later post but for now I'll point out that this would provide a possible link between E-FGC11450 and the Count of Loon, as Sofia wife of Saul would have been Sofia van Loon's granddaughter if Sophia van Loon had been the wife of King Geza I of Hungary (that Sofia van Loon was the wife of Coloman is presented as a fact in the Wikipedia article "Sofia (wife of Geza I of Hungary" but only as plausibly true by the more meticulous fmg.ac website). In 1062-1063 Geza was a hostage in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, where he could have met Sofia van Loon--and where he might also have brought with him the then-living Swaim/den Hartog paternal ancestor, who might himself become as hostage of the Count of Loon when Sofia married Geza. On Joan Blaeu's 1645 map of Liege and Loon Oist ("Ost") and Gronsveld ("Groensvelt") are shown as belonging to the Land of Loon and I've speculated that the father of Willem Ottens, the progenitor of the Swaims and den Hartogs, was Otto Gerrits van Oist, possibly from Oist, so here's a plausible way that the Swaim/den Hartog line could have migrated from Hungary to Holland).

I want to make it very clear, however, that none of the above five Hungarian E-FGC11450 members could have been direct ancestors of the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line. Here are the descendant haplogroups to which the above E-FGC11450 individuals belong, according to FTDNA (YFull's alternative name is included secondly):

• Fonyod 9:                       E-Z21292           E-BY4951)
• Nustar 28388:                E-BY4856             ---------
• Derecske 20799            E-FGC11444      E-ZS1176
• Pusposkladany 23         E-FGC11444      E-ZS1176
• Arpad 53                       E-BY4992           E-Y588701
• Swaim/den Hartog        E-FT389281       E-Y257534

Although archaeogeneticists have in recent years studied the remains of hundreds of ancient individuals, those aret presumably still a small fraction of the available remains, so it isn't surprising that the remains of a Swaim/den Hartog paternal ancestor haven't yet been found. E-FGC11450 is a relatively small haplogroup, so the fact that five E-FGC11450 members have already been discovered indicates that Hungary is likely to have had the highest concentration of the haplogroup from around 400-1000 AD.

Understanding the history of the other E-V13 lines that are closely associated with E-FGC11450 is also important to understanding the Swaim /den Hartog paternal line because it's clear from the concentration of those lines in the Tisa region that most members of those lines had probably shared a common history for thousands of years. E-FGC11450 is a descendant haplogroup of E-FGC11451, which is a descendant haplogroup of E-S3979, which is a descendant haplogroup of E-Z5018, which is a descendant haplogroup of E-BY3880. Paternal haplogroups are defined by particular mutated SNPs, and every man has the accumulated SNPs of all of his parental haplogroups. Thus, every Swaim and den Hartog will have all five of the SNPs mentioned above, as well as the other SNPs before it, going back to as far men existed, and then even further back.

The earliest of the above hapl0groups, E-BY3880, was formed around 2400 BC, or about 3,00 years before we're certain that the above haplogroups resided in the Tisa region. E-FGC11450 was formed around 900 BC, or about 1,500 years after E-BY3880 was formed. Yet consider the fact that at least three dozen men from these two haplogroups and the three indbetween them still lived together in one region of the continent in 600 AD. This probably means that the this is a (perhaps the) core population of these haplogroups that had probably remained together as a clan or tribe of related individuals for at least 3,000 years. If this were not true it would not be likely that there would be this many men from these related haplogroups living together in the Tisa region at this time. There are of course alternative scenarios that could explain this, but this is the most plausible. Extended families--clans or tribs--tended to remain together for many generations, even thousands of years, for protection and emotional support the clan provided.

The significance of this for us is that if this is true, then the history of the clan as a whole is also the history of E-FGC11450 as a whole, whis is thus also the history of the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line up to the time that line migrated away from the clan, eventually to Hollandthr. We don't know when that time was, but it was likely either during Roman times through the agency of the Roman army, or as short time later via Italy with either Goths or Lombards, or later through an individual migration from Hungary. The ancient individuals from the five above haplogroups offer us clues as to when the migration might have occurred, but unfortunately probably not the final answer. 

One of the bits of inconclusive evidence that I discuss in a future post is an IBD (triangulated DNA segment) of one of the E-S2979 individuals (Szeged 259) to "I13028", a person who lived 2300 years go in Ottoland, Holland, located a few miles west of Arkel and of Middelkoop (as I've mentioned in previous posts, the Knobbout van Os family was during at least the 1400's the lords of Ottoland, and were strong Arkel supporters, and were probably also close to the van Megen branch of the Swaim/den Hartog line). This is an astonishing coincidence, if it is a coincidence. This individual from Ottoland before it was Ottoland may have had thousands of descendants in Frisa/Holland 600 AD, and Szeged 259 in Hungary was one of them, or at least a cousin of one of them. How did this DNA get to Hungary? Or was the DNA from a common ancestor who lived hundreds or thousands of years before "I10328", perhaps in today's Poland or the Czech Republic, who left descendants in both places? 

In this post I'm not going to do much analysis of the E-V13 matches I'll provide, but rather leave that for a future post(s). The region of the Balkans and Hungary have had a extremely turbulent and complicated past from a historical and genetic viewpoint. The first E-FGC11450 individual--Fonyod 9--appeared in Pannonia near lake Balaton, west of the Danube, around 430-460 AD, just after Rome had ceded Pannonia to the Huns. This was about 60 years after the Huns had conquered and vassalized the Ostrogothic faction of the Goths, who at that time had a large kingdom in today's Ukraine, located north and west of the Black Sea. The Ostrogoths and related Gepids had to some degree become Huns culturally, as proved by their adoption of the Hun custom of Artificial Crandal Deformity (ACD), in which an infant's head was tightly bound to intentionally deform the skull. The village of Fonyod was Gothic, almost certainly Ostrogothic, and thus the first known E-FGC11450 member was an Ostrogoth living under Hun rule on conquered Roman territory. Most of the members of the village of Fonyod had been subjected to ACD; Fonyod 9 was not, but he had died as an infant, possibly too young to have yet has his skull bound. Ancestrally Fonyod 9 was almost all Mediterranean, which is consistent with the E-V13 haplogroup. However, the village itself was a near-even mixture of Mediterranean and northern European, the northern European element being consistent with the Ostrogoth element, although with nuances I'll discuss in a future post. All but one of the Fonyod villagers also had small amounts of non-European ancestry similar to ancestry from East Asia, South Asia, and, surprisingly, Africa: these ancestries also require a more nuanced discussion, but the Asian elements are consistent with Pontic Steppe ancestry (Scythian/Sarmatian/Hun), while the African probably came through Roman soldiers, possibly those stationed as far north as Gdansk, Poland (!). 

When I published my 26 July 2023 post "Hungarians, Thracians, Arkels and Swaims", it's likely that many readers were skeptical of a Hungarian connection to the Swaim/den Hartog line based on only one ancient individual and my claim of Central Asian DNA that had probably come from Hungary. When I wrote that post I hadn't yet learned about the other ancient individuals I'll present in this post, but with the knowledge of these new individuals there is no longer any doubt that such a connection did exist. This really shouldn't be a surprise because Dirk Pauw in the 1400's had clearly stated that the van Arkel line had come from "Pannonia and Hungary" and many Swaims and den Hartogs believe that their paternal line descended from Otto van Arkel. I'm not going to solve that puzzle with this new information, but the new information certainly doesn't contradict that hypothesis. 

I first becqme aware of the recent archaeogenetic studies the ancient E-V13 individuals came from through a relatively new feature of FamityTreeDNA.com (FTDNA) called "Ancient Connections" within the the "Discover Haplogroup Reports" feature. For this feature FTDNA compiled a number of the ancient individuals from various studies. Here's what this list looks like today as I write this:

This list has changed over time as FTDNA placed new individuals on the list and removed others; presumably FTDNA has a cap of 30 individuals for this list, other than the Denisova match which isn't relevant to genealogy (the common ancestor of Denisova and living people lived  707,000 years ago). However, I captured some of those individuals before they left the list, and I've added many others from the data from the papers of the studies from which FTDNA obtained the matches. I've retained FTDNA's "names" for the ancient individuals, which in the studies is usually just an alpha-numeric identifier. FTDNA used the name of the town/location from which each individual had been buried and added the full or partial numeric identifier used in the study for that individual. I retained this naming plan because it's easier to remember a name when it has an actual word rather than a more or less random sequence of numbers/letters, and also because it makes it easy to see on a map where the individuals had been buried and presumably had lived. None of these "names" was the real name of the individuals, which in all cases but that of the Hunyadis is unknown.

I'll start with a brief overview of the paternal haplogroups involved, and then move on the the lists.

E-V13 Y-DNA Haplogroups

Y chromosome haplogroups are definied by SNP mutations. SNP mutations accumulate in the genome over time such that every man has not only his most recent SNP mutations, but also every past SNP mutation; this is what allows scientists to develop a relationship “tree” among all men, living and past. Thus, in the list below every Swaim and den Hartog will have all of the mutations listed in bold. They will not have the mutations for branches which diverged from the Swaim/den Hartog line, but which are shown in non-bold type.

Most of this information is from the FamilyTreeDNA (FTDNA) and Yfull phylogenetic trees. The FTDNA and Yfull do not always agree in every detail, and often not in the names of the haplogroups. In part this is because FTDNA has data on some individuals that Yfull doesn't have, and vice versa. It's also partly because more than one SNP can define a haplogroup, and each of the platforms prefers to use a SNP that they had named. I've tried reconciling the trees from both platforms but don't claim that I've done so successfully or that I haven't made mistakes.

E-V13

The following is a list of the E-V13 descendant haplogroups to which the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line belongs, along with the numbers of men that FTDNA had tested for those haplogroups as of a few months ago. The list is in order from the most recent to the oldest. The numbers are a running total such that each of the parent haplogroups includes all of the men in the previous descendant haplogroups.

Haplogroup                Hap Total          Running  Total

• E-FT388654                                          2
• E-FT389281                                          3
• E-FGC11450              242                   42
• E-FGC11451                78                  320
• E-FGC11457               50                   370
• E-S2979                     616                    86
• E-Z5018                     330               1,316
• E-FTT49                        9               1,325
• E-BY3880               1,390               2,715
• E-BY4877                    92               2,807
• E-CTS5856                  60               3,655
• E-CTS8814             3,715               3,715
• E-V13                        619               4,334

The first thing I'll point out here is that E-V13 in Western Europe is a small haplogroup. Some of FTDNA's E-V13 customers are from the Balkans, but the majority are Western Europeans and their descendants in America and elsewhere. Here's a comparison of the numbers of FTDNA's customers in the two haplogroups E-V13 and the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, (R1b-M269) and the most common in Eastern Europe (R1a-M420):

• E-V13:                 4,334
• R1b-M269:       110,529
• R1a-M420:         23,531

For many reasons, particularly various types of selection bias, these figures aren't really directly comparable, but the general point here is that E-V13 is very much a minority haplogroup in Western Europe and in America and other former European colonies.

We can also see that within E-V13 as a whole, E-FGC11450 is a relatively small haplogroup, making up only 5.6% of the E-V13 total in this sample. By contrast, E-BY3880 constitutes 32% of all E-V13 men in this sample. Assuming that this sample is relatively unbiased, this indicates that there are nearly 6 times as many men in E-BY3880 as there are in E-FGC11450. E-BY3880 is also today more widely spread throughout the world, particularly in Muslim countries, than is E-FGC11340. 

 

E-FGC11450

The following list is my attempt at reconciling FTDNA's E-FGC11450 tree with Yfull's E-FGC11450 tree. FTDNA and Yfull often use different but equivalent SNPs to define a haplogroup, and each platform has individuals that the other doesn't have, so their trees are different. I may have made mistakes compling this list, as well. I've included the countries that living men currently inhabit, along with those that a few ancient men were buried in; in some cases I've also included a few surnames.

Geographic Distribution of Modern E-FGC11450

Here are the countries specified by the E-FGC11450 men tested by FTDNA as the country of origin of their earliest paternal ancestor, listed in order of number of countries listed. To this list I've added additonal men form Yfull (Albania and Turkey) as well as another from another source (China).

• Albania     
• England 
• Germany 
• USA 
• Switzerland 
• Russia 
• Finland 
• England
• Scotland 
• Norway 
• Ukraine
• France 
• Italy 
• Czech Republic 
• Netherlands 
• Macedonia 
• Wales
• Brazil 
• Croatia 
• Bulgaria 
• Sweden 
• Kosovo 
• Portugal 
• Bosnia & Herzegovina 
• Serbia 
• Austria 
• Hungary 
• Lithuania 
• Slovakia 
• Poland 
• Northern Ireland 
• Turkey 
• China 

I didn't include the number of E-FGC11450 men associated with each country because it would be impossible to determine if they reflect a true percentage comparison by country or if they were skewed du to selection bias due to various factors. 

Lists of Ancient Individuals

There are 81 E-V13 individuals in this list. The haplogroups E-FGC11450 and its most closely related parent haplogroups (E-FGC11451, E-S2979, E-Z5018 and E-BY3880) are the most important to understanding the history of the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line, but the more distant haplogroups still offer a great deal of useful information. For context I've added four living SNP matches to the list, which are in italics. One of these living individuals is the descendant of Giacomi Prati (1550- Italy), one (“sojc”) is Han Chinese with trace Mediterranean DNA and his paternal line from Shaanxi province, and two are from China, one also from Shaanxi province and one from Shandong province.

List of E-V13 Ancient DNA Individuals by Haplogroup

E-FGC11450

• Székesfehérvár 53          1300-1499 AD           Hungary          
• Püspökladány 23               950-1000 AD          Hungary          
• Derecske 20799                  750-800 AD         Hungary Avar 
• Nuštar 28388                      750-780 AD          Pannonian Croatia
• Fonyód 9                            33-4670 AD          Hungary Goth/Hun        
• “Sojc”                                         Living            China              
• Descendant of Prati                    Living           Italy                

E-FGC11451

• Székkutas                    265 700-800 AD          Hungary Avar
• Santok 400                     1000-1200 AD          Poland 

E-S2979

• Tjærby 553                      1000-1300 AD        Denmark 
• Koński 306                     1000-1200 AD         Poland 
• Śródka 236                     1000-1200 AD         Poland 
• Śródka 255                     1000-1200 AD         Poland 
• Tiszanána 18                    950-1000 AD         Hungary
• Székkutas 70                         700-830 AD       Hungary Avar
• Szeged 130                         700-750 AD         Hungary Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 251          650-700 AD        Hungary Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 252          650-700 AD        Hungary Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 541          650-700 AD        Hungary Avar
• Szeged 259                         600-700 AD        Hungary Avar
• Hács 21                               450-500 AD        Hungary Avar
• Libiva 11                            400-500 AD        Czech Republic 
• Crypta Balbi 107                400-600 AD         Italy (Rome) 
• Masłomęcz 110                  200-400 AD         Poland Wielbark
• Viminacium 15504            129-247 AD         Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15518          129-247 AD       Serbia Roman Camp

E-Z5018

• Śródka 558                     1000-1200 AD          Poland 
• Székkutas 311                    700-930 AD          Hungary Avar
• Alattyán 369                      710-750 AD          Hungary Avar
• Homokmégy 10                 710-750 AD          Hungary Avar
• Alattyán 442                      570-750 AD          Hungary Avar
• Hács 22                              450-500 AD          Hungary Avar
• Viminacium 3931               130-231 AD         Serbia Roman Camp
• E-MF172290 SN                         Living          China 
• E-MF172290 SD                         Living          China 

E-FTT49

• Cancelleria 1219             1421-1469 AD         Italy (Rome) 

E-BY3880

• Kristof Hunyadi              1505-1505 AD        Hungary 
• Janos Hunyadi                1473-1504 AD        Hungary 
• Granada 7457                   100-1300 AD        Spain 
• Ibrany 90                        1000-1100 AD         Hungary
• Sárrétudvari 182               950-1000 AD        Hungary 
• Orosháza 106                      700-800 AD        Hungary Avar
• Tiszafüred 199                    700-760 AD        Hungary Avar
• Orosháza 51                        700-750 AD       Hungary Avar
• Pitvaros 12                          700-750 AD       Hungary Avar
• Sipar 3664                          670-823 AD        Croatia Avar
• Sükösd 144                         670-710 AD        Hungary Avar
• Szegvar 83                           650-675 AD       Hungary Avar  
• Szegvár 829                        620-660 AD        Hungary Avar
• Kövegy 16750                    600-650 AD        Hungary Avar
• Collegno CL38                   580-630 AD         Italy Turin
• Alt-Inden 9                         400-800 AD         Germany (Inden) 
• Timacum Minus 15544      261-418 AD         Serbia Roman Camp
• Scitarjevo 3659                    249-378 AD        Croatia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15495             246-365 AD         Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 25490             246-365 AD          Serbia Roman Camp
• Karatau 1                            245-343 AD          Kazakhstan Otrar 
• Timacum Minus 15537      242-375 AD          Serbia Rman Camp
• Viminacium R6756                  180 AD           Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15507            129-247 AD           Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15513            129-247 AD           Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 6756              130-231 AD           Serbia Roman Camp
• Pruszcz Gdański 495         100-300 AD           Poland Wielbark
• Trogir 26702                          1-200 AD           Croatia (Tragurium)
• Győr Kert 18527                 320-180 BC          Hungary La Tene
• Széles földek 18832           320-200 BC           Hungary La Tne
• Sveti Križ 5724                  385-206 BC           Croatia 
• Himera 10950                    780-400 BC           Sicily 
• Kapitan Andreevo 20180 1100-500 BC          Bulgaria
• Kapitan Andreevo 20183  1100-500 BC         Bulgaria 
• Kapitan Andreevo 20185  1100-500 BC         Bulgaria 

E-BY4877

• Pruszcz Gdański 495         100-300 AD           Poland (Gdansk) 
• Krakauer 5                     1170-1258 AD           Germany (Peissen) 

E-CTS5856 (FTDNA)/E-CTS1273 (YFull)

• Kapitan Andreevo 20181 1100-500 BC           Bulgaria
• Himera 17872                    480 BC                  Sicily but Mercenary
• Viminacium 15525            129-247 AD            Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium R3931           130-231 AD            Serbia Roman Camp
• Timacum Minus 15553     242-375 AD            Serbia Roman Camp
• Naissus 6764                     255-405 AD            Serbia Roman Camp
• Plaza de l'Horta 12031      500-700 AD            Spain (Girona)
• Kent EAS006                   600-700 AD             England 
• Catalonia 10853             989-1153 AD             Spain (Girona)
• Viking 362                            1000 AD             Denmark (Langeland) 
• Ellwangen 18               1486-1627 AD            Gemany (Baden) 

E-CTS8814 (FTNDA)/E-Z1057 (YFull)

• 
  
• Prague 16272                             200 BC        Czech Republic
• Scythian 197                       400-150 BC        Moldova Hlinaia               
• Rozovo 19500                    300-200 BC         Bulgaria 
• Hypo Banka 3745               23-121 AD          Croatia 
• Iznik 8367                         500-700 AD          Turkey Inzik Basilica
• Iznik 8366                         400-700 AD          Turkey Inzik Basilica

E-V13

• Karos 2/6                            895-950 AD        Hungary 
• Karos 1/13                          895-950 AD        Hungary                                                      
• Komårno 14465                 650-500 BC         Slovakia 
• Derecske 20820                 200-300 AD         Tisa Sarmatian
• Boyanovo 18792               300-500 AD         Bulgary

E-CTS1975 (FTDNA)/E-CTS10912 (YFULL)

• Varna 9 4581-                         4368 BC        Bulgaria 

E-L618

• Zemunica Cave 3              6005-5814 BC           Croatia Cardial 
• Veszprem 1900                 4797-4619 BC           Hungary Lengyel 
• Varna 18                                31-4354 BC            Bulgaria Varna 
• Geoksyur 8535                  3091-2918 BC            Turkmenistant (Mary)
• La Bastida 25                    2132-1946 BC             Spain Totana
• Kapitan Andreevo 19494    1100-500 BC             Bulgaria
• Marvinci 10168                     500-200 BC            North Macedonia

E-Z1919

11100 BC

E-M78 (YFFULL)/E-PF2179 (FTDNA)

• Cole 8847                    1407-1271 BC               Kenya (Nakuru) 

E-M78

• Taforalt 10             13,137-12,252 BC              Morocco (Taforralt) 
• Taforalt 11            13,137-12,252 BC               Morocco (Taforralt) 
• Taforalt 13            13,137-12,252 BC               Morocco (Taforralt) 
• Taforalt 14            13,137-12,252 BC               Morocco (Taforralt)
• Taforalt 15            13,137-12,252 BC               Morocco (Taforralt) 
• Taforalt 9              13,137-12,252 BC               Morocco (Taforralt) 
• Ain Ghazal 83-6       7741-7522 BC                Jordan Pre-Pottery Neolithic
• Kapitan Andreevo 19490  1100-500 BC          Bulgaria
• Kapitan Andreevo 19487  1100-500 BC          Bulgaria

E-V68

E-M35

• Natufian 10                           9,800 BC              Israel  Mt. Carmel
• Natufian 5                                      BC               Israel  Mt. Carmel
• Natufian 9                            9,800 BC               Israel  Mt. Carmel

E-M215

• Ain Ghazal 84.1                 6300 BC                 Jordan Pre-Pottery Neolithic

This list is presented by haplogroup presented in reverse chronological order. All Swaims and den Hatogs will be positive for each of the SNPs that define each of these haplogroups. Because this locations are places of burial and are absolutely certain, this list in a general sense provides the history of the Swaim/den Hartog line from a few centuries BC possibly to about 1000 AD. However, I emphasize that none of these individuals are actually direct Swaim/den Hartog ancestors, and that we don't know when the Swaim/den Hartog line migrated away from the larger clan. From around 600-1000 AD the epicenter of the clan was located in the plain on both sides of the Tisa (Tisza) river in hungary located east of the Danube. From the beginning of the first century AD the region between the Danube and Tisa had been occupied by the Iazyges, who were a branch of the Sarmatians, an Eastern Iranic-speaking nomadic group who dominated the Pontic Steppe for some centuries before the the 200's AD when the Goths expanded their kingdom north of the Black Sea. In the late 300's AD the Huns defeated the Goths and other steppe groups and vassalized them; they then moved with their vassals west into the Carpathian Basin that is the heart of the Middles Ages Kingdom of Hungary.

In a later post I'll discuss in much more detail how these ancient E-V13 matches fit into (and confirm much of) the written histories of this region. For now I want to just say that it appears that the haplogroups most closely-related to E-FGC11450 (E-FGC11451, E-S2979 and E-Z5018) appear to possibly have had a somewhat different history prior to around 433 AD than did the larger and somewhat more distant haplogroup E-BY3880. E-BY3880 appears to have had more members who had joined the Roman army than did the other haplogroups. However, this may not be true on a proportional basis and may not be true at all but may simply reflect bias or chance on the part of the archaeogenetic researchers in selecting which graves to examine.

In fact, at least two dozen of all the above haplogroups, including E-BY3880, lived in the Tisa region between 570-1000 AD. As these are closely-related haplogroups it's unlikely that their presence together at this place and time was a coincidence; rather, they must have constituted a kind of clan that had remained together as one people for many hundreds of years—probably for at least a thousand years, when E-Z5018 was formed, if not from 2300 BC, when E-BY3880 was formed. Thus, by the time they came to inhabit the Tisa region, they had probably shared a common history for all of time before that.

But I don't want to give the impression that this E-V13 clan lived alone in the Tisa region. The Sarmatians were there bofore them, and also many people from other haplogroups lived there also, and marriage was confined to the E-V13 haplogroups. Also, of course, they knew nothing about Y-DNA haplogroups, but since lineages were defined by paternal lineages they would of course have some sense of how they were all related paternally, and this would have corresponded to the Y-DNA haplogroups.

The earliest of the E-FGC11450 men was Fonyod 9, and he lived sometime between 433-467 AD. He lived west of the Tisa region, west of the Danube on the southern shore of Lake Balaton. His village was a Goth village that was strongly culturally influenced by the Huns. Since the village of Fonyod came into existence just at the time that the Huns entered Pannonia (Hungary west of the Danube), it's clear that this was a Goth village during the time the Goths were vassals of the Huns. In my next post I'll use the genetics of these individuals to try to determine the past history of this village, which will be the history of the closely-related E-V13 groups as well (which from now on I'll call E-FGC11450+). However, for now I want to point out that the ancestry of these E-FGC11450+ individuals was mostly European, and specifically mostly Mediterranean/Aegean/Balkan, which is anohter way of saying that their ancestry was mostly derived from the Early European Farmer (EEF) group that had migrated into Europe around 7000 BC, partially absorbing but mostly displacing the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) who had lived there for millenia before that. The EEF ancestry mostly came from Anatolian Hunter-Gatherers intermixed with a minoirty of ancestry from Iran and the Caucasus, along with Levantine ancestry. The Swaim/den Hartog line came from the Levantine group that was living in today's Palestine/Israel, Jordan and that region, which itself had long before migrated from East Africa (e.g., Kenya) through the Nile Valley of Sudan and Egypt to the Levant.

Because the Swaim/den Hartog line had lived for many centuries with the other Anatolian groups that had included some Iranic/Caucasian elements, it along with the EEF group in general had a small Iranic component that it retained through the millenia. This is important to understand for later because once the line was living in the Tisa region it was living among the Iazyges, who also had an Iranic ancestral element. Thus is might be impossible to separate the specifically Iazyges/Sarmatian Iranic ancestry from the EEF/Mediterranean Iranic ancestry.

Hacs was another Goth village and was located near Fonyod. Fonyod 9 was E-FGCll450, Hacs 21 was E-S2979 and Hacs 22 was E-Z5017. The ancestry of both of the Hacs men was 100% Mediterranean, but the ancestry of Fonyod 9 was more complex. He was also mostly Mediterranean, but he also had small amounts of Central/South Asian, East Asian, and African. None of the other Fonyod individuls was E-V13, but most had the same minor ancestry elements as Fonyod 9, but most differed from him in being mostly or partly of Western/Northwestern European ancestry instead of or along with Mediterranean ancestry. This is the puzzle that is probably to key to understanding the past of the E-FGC11450+ clan before 433 AD, which I'll discuss in my next post. There's more than one possibility, however, so don't expect certainty.

Most of the later Tisa E-FGC11450 individuals are also predominantly European, but many also have varying amounts of Asian ancestry. Some of this may come from the Iazyges, but most probably comes from the Huns or the Avars, both of which were Steppe groups with substantial Central Asian (e.g. Kazakhstan) and East Asian (e.g., Xiongnu, Mongolian) ancestry.

A paternal line is no moe or less than a string of father-son relationships. Y-DNA passes from father to son and the DNA provides evidence of the string of father-son relationships but Y-DNA doesn't code for the suite of physical features that differentiate populations from each other. Thus, although for historical reasons although different populations in different geographical regions tend to have paticularly common Y-DNA haplogroups, any given indiv

List B

This list is of all E-V13 ancient matches that I'm aware of, regardless descendant haplogroup, arranged in chronological order. This is meant to provide a sense of the history of E-V13 to the Middle Ages, and I've included a number of relevant historical events with approximate dates to help with understanding the flow of history.

I've also included several ancient individuals who were not E-V13 but who were in parent haplogrups of E-V13. This is top provide a sense of the history of the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line before it was E-V13.

Haplogroup E is considered an African haplogroup, although there is some evidence that it may have been formed in Asia near Tibet and then backmigrated to Africa. Either way, immediately before migrating to the Levant the line leading to E-V13 lived in northeastern Africa, perhaps Kenya. It then migrated north through Sudan and followed the Nile into Egypt and then migrated into the Levant (Palestine/Israel and Jordan). From there it migrated through Anatolia (today's Turkey) to the Balkans, supposedly remaining in Analtolia for some time, although the ancient matches presented below don't indicate a stay in Anatolia (but there may be ancient individuals from Anatolia that I'm unaware of). In any case, the evolution of E-V13 from its parent haplogroups from about 32,000 BC went:

E-M215>E-M35>E-V68>E-M78>E-PF2179>E-Z1919>E-L618>E-CTS1975>E-V13

E-V13 was formed around 6000 BC, and one E-V13 ancient man dating to around 5000 BC was found in a cave in Spain). However, all living E-V13 men descend from a common ancestor who lived in 2800-3060 BC. This “time to most common ancestor” (TMRCA) date coincides with the massive Yamnaya (Indo-European) migration into Europe, so it's plausible that all the then-existing E-V13 lines but one died out during the Yamnaya invasion.

In the list the pre-E-V13 individuals are in italics. From the Kapitan Andreevo matches forward, all the men listed here were E-V13.

Ancient DNA Matches – Haplogroup E

With Major Historical Events

Sheep Domesticated in Middle East ~10000 BC

• Natufian 5 (E-M35) 9,800 BC Israel/Palestine (Mt. Carmel)
• Natufian 9 (E-M35) 9,800 BC Israel/Palestine (Mt. Carmel)
• Natufian 10 (E-M35) 9,800 BC Israel/Palestine (Mt. Carmel)

Wheat, Barley, Legumes Farmed ~9500 BC

Cattle Domesticated ~8500 BC

• Ain Ghazal 83-6 (E-M215) 7600 BC Jordan Pre-Pottery Neolithic
• Zemunica Cave 3 (E-L618) 6400 BC Croatia Cardial Culture
• Ain Ghazal 84.1 (E-M215) 6300 BC Jordan Pre-Pottery Neolithic
• Veszprem 1900 (E-L618) 4700 BC Hungary Lengyel Culture
• Varna 9 (E-CTS1975) 4500 BC Bulgaria Varnas Culture
• Varna 18 (E-E-L618)) 4400 BC Bulgaria Varna Culture

Horses Domesticated from ~4000-3000 BC

Indo-European Migrations into Europe ~4000-1000 BC

• Geoksyur 8535 3000 BC Turkmenistant (Mary) Central Asia Culture

E-V13 Formed ~6000 BC (TMRCA~3050 BC)

• La Bastida 25 (E-L618) 2000 BC Spain (Totana) Early Argar Cult
• Kydonia 16 (E-CTS1975) 1500 BC Greece Crete Minoan

E-FGC11450 Formed ~900 BC

• Kapitan Andreevo 20180      1100-500 BC Bulgaria Iron Age Balkans
• Kapitan Andreevo 20183      1100-500 BC Bulgaria Iron Age Balkans
• Kapitan Andreevo 20185      1100-500 BC Bulgaria Iron Age Balkans
• Himera 10950                        780-400 BC Italy Geek Militia
• Komarno 14465                     650-500 BC Slovakia Scythian

Persian Achaemenid Empire in Balkans 513-330 BC

• Prague 16272       400-200 BC Czech Republic La Tene
• Scythian 197       400-150 BC Moldova Western Scythian
• Sveti Križ 5724   385-206 BC Croatia Iron Age Balkans

Alexander's Macedonian Empire 330 BC-168 BC

Roman Empire in Balkans 200's BC-410 AD

• Scitarjevo 3659                378-249 BC Croatia Iron Age Balkans
• Széles Földek 18832        320-200 BC Hungary La Tene
• Győr Kert 18527             320-180 BC Hungary La Tene
• Rozovo 19500                  300-200 BC Bulgaria Iron Age Balkans

Silk Road Between China-Europe 100 BC-1400's AD

• Hypo Banka 3745                 23-121 AD Croatia 
• Pruszcz Gdański 495           100-300 AD Poland Wielbark
• Viminacium 15504              129-247 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15507              129-247 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15513              129-247 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15518              129-247 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 15525              129-247 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 6756                130-231 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 3931                130-231 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Derecske 20802                    200-300 AD Tisa Hungary Sarmatian
• Masłomęcz 110                    200-400 AD Poland Wielbark
• Timacum Minus 15537      242-375 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Timacum Minus 15553      242-375 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Karatau 1                            245-343 BC Kazakhstan Otrar Oasis
• Viminacium 15495              246-365 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Viminacium 25490              246-365 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Scitarjevo 3659                   249-378 AD Croatia Roman City
• Naissus 6764                      255-405 AD Serbia 268 AD 
• Timacum Minus 15544       261-418 AD Serbia Roman Camp
• Crypta Balbi 107                 400-600 AD Italy Medieval Italy
• Libiva 11                              400-500 AD Czech Republic IA Moravia
• Iznik 8367                            500-700 AD Turkey Byzantine
• Iznik 8366                            400-700 AD Turkey Byzantine
• Alt-Inden 9                          400-800 AD Germany 

Visigoths sack Rome 410 AD, control Toulouse France and Hispania 412 AD

Rome withdraws from Pannonia 433; Huns, Ostrogoths, Gepids, Alans in Pannonia

• Fonyód 9                           433-467 AD E-FGC11450
• Hács 21                             450-500 AD Hungary Goth
• Hács 22                             450-500 AD Hungary Goth

Ostrogoths leave Pannonia 455 AD, move to Italy 553

Lombards in Pannonia 551, move (with Ostrogoths & others) to Italy 569 AD

Originally Mongolian Avars control Pannonia 569 AD

• Collegno CL38                  580-630 AD Italy Lombard
• Plaza de l'Horta 12031    500-700 AD Spain Visigoth
• Kent EAS006                    600-700 AD England 

Early Avar Period 580-670 AD

• Szegvár 829                      620-650 Hungary Early Avar
• Kövegy 16750                  600-650 AD Hungary Early Avar

Middle Avar Period 670-720 AD

• Szeged 259                       600-700 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Szeged 83                         650-675 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 251      650-700 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 252      650-700 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Kiskundorozsma 541      650-700 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Orosháza 51                     700-750 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Pitvaros 12                       700-750 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Sükösd 144                       670-710 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Sipar 3664                        670-823 AD Croatia Medieval Balkans

Late Avar Period 720-804 AD

• Orosháza 106                  700-800 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Tiszafüred 199                700-760 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Székkutas 311                 700-930 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Székkutas 265                 700-800 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Szeged 130                      700-750 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Székutas 70                      700-830 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Homokmégy 10               710-750 AD Hungary Middle Avar
• Alattyán 369                    710-750 AD Hungary Late Avar
• Nuštar 28388                   750-780 AD E-FGC11450
• Derecske 20799               750-800 AD E-FGC11450

796 AD the Franks led by Charlemagne defeat Avars and control Pannonia west of Tisza; Avars continue to live in region, some as Frankis vassals

804-? AD Bulgarians control eastern Hungary, probably including the Tisza region

860-895 Magyars (Hungarians) enter Hungary and control it by 900 AD

Hungary Christianized late 900's, Kingdom of Hungary 1000 AD; Arpad Dynasty 855-1301 AD

Poland Christianized 866, Kingdom of Poland 1025 AD; Piast Dynasty 900-1370 AD

• Tiszanána 18                  950-1000 AD Hungary Elite
• Sárrétudvari 182            950-1000 AD Hungary Medieval Hungary
• Püspökladány 23            950-1000 AD E-FGC11450
• Catalonia 10853             989-1153 AD Spain (Girona) Medieval Spain
• Viking 362                      1000 AD Denmark (Langeland) Viking
• Ibrany 90                        1000-1100 AD Hungary 
• Tjærby 553                     1000-1300 AD Denmark Medieval Dane
• Santok 400                      1000-1200 AD Poland Piast Dynasty
• Koński 306                     1000-1200 AD Poland Piast Dynasty
• Śródka 236                     1000-1200 AD Poland Piast Dynasty
• Śródka 255                     1000-1200 AD Poland Piast Dynasty
• Śródka 558                     1000-1200 AD Poland Piast Dynasty
• Granada 7457                1100-1300 AD Spain Muslim
• Krakauer 5                     1170-1258 AD Germany Medieval 
• Cancelleria 1219           1421-1469 AD Italy Roman Renaissance
• Székesfehérvár 53         1300-1499 AD E-FGC11450
• Janos Hunyadi              1473-1504 AD Hungary Medieval Hungary
• Ellwangen 18                  1486-1627 AD Gemany
• Kristof Hunyadi             1505-1505 AD Hungary Medieval Hungary

List C

This next list is similar to List A except that I've added whatever ancestry information I could find for the matches. The information on the “appearance,” “features” or “skull” of an individual was based on an anthropological assessment of the skeleton. Some of the admixture (ancestry) information was present as a bar graph and so is my own approximation of that bar graph and could be off by a few percent for any measurement but should be generally accurate.

E-V13 Matches with Any Ancestry Information

E-FGC11450

Püspökladány 23    (960-1l00 AD Hungary)

2% Han Chinee DNA; Europid characteristics

Derecske 20799    (750-800 AD Hungary)

35% Eastern Steppe ancestry; Artificial Cranial Deformation

Fonyód 9  (400-500 AD Hungary)

96% Mediterranean, 2% Sub-Saharan African, 1% South Asian, < 1% East Asian

E-FGC11451

Santok 400    (1000-1200 AD Poland)

 36% Northwestern European (Goth), 28% Eastern European (Pole), 24% Mediterranean, 13% Near Eastern

Székkutas 265    (700-800 AD Hungary)

1% Nganasan Siberian 

E-S2979

Śródka 236    (1000-1200 AD Poland)

7 % Eastern European, 15% Near Eastern, 8% Mediterranean, 7% Iberian

Szeged 130  (700-750 AD Hungary)

2% Han Chinese DNA; Europid characteristics (Mediterranian-Pamirian)

Kiskundorozsma 251    (650-700 AD Hungary)

Mongolid skull characteristics

Kiskundorozsma 252     (650-700 AD Hungary)

Mongolid skull characteristics

Kiskundorozsma 541    (650-700 AD Hungary)

Europid characteristcs

Szeged 259    (600-700 AD Hungary)

1% Han Chinese DNA, 4% Nganasan Siberian 

Hács 21   (450-500 AD Hungary)

100% Mediterranean

Maslomecz 110   (200-400 Poland)

 72% Mediterranean, 18% Eastern European (Pole), 8%    Northwestern European (Goth), 2% Near Eastern

E-Z5018

Székkutas 311    (700-930 AD Hungary)

1% Nganasan Siberian (Magyar?) DNA

Alattyán 369    (710-750 AD Hungary)

2% Han Chinese; 2% Nganasan Siberian; Europid characteristics (Mediterranean and Nordic); adult male

Homokmégy 10    (710-750 AD Hungary)

Europid skull characteristics

Alattyán 442    (570-750 AD Hungary)

1% Han Chinese DNA; Europid skull characteristics

Hács 22    (450-500 AD Hungary)

100% Mediterranean

E-BY3880

Orosháza 106    (700-800 AD Hungary)

Europid (Cromagnoid) characteristics

Tiszafüred 199    (700-760 AD Hungary)

Europid characteristics (Nordid-x)+Mongoloid skull features

Orosháza 51    (700-750 AD Hungary)

Mongolid (Sinid) with Cromagnid features; middle-adult male

Pitvaros 12    (700-750 AD Hungary)

Europid characteristics (Cromagnoid)

Szegvár 829    (620-660 AD Hungary)

Europid characteristics

Ibrany 90 (1000-1100 AD Hungary)

                    EuropidI

E-BY4877

Pruszcz Gdański 495    (100-300 AD Poland)

Northwestern European 45%, editeranean 18%, Iberian 15%, Eastern European 13%, North Africa 5%, Near Eastern 4%

List D

The next list is from Supplemental Table S21 of Davranoglou et al (72135368 (biorxiv.org) ), who compiled data from Ringbauer et al (Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient DNA | Nature Genetics ). This was a comparison of “Identical By Descent” (IBD) DNA segments greater than 8 cM in length among thousands of ancient individuals whose genomes had previously been tested. Essentially this is the same method used by commercial DNA platforms to identify cousins, except this was applied to ancient individuals only, some of them multiple thousands of years apart in age. So these are ancient cousins of ancient cousins. I'll analyze these matches in a later post, but here I'm must displaying them. The number at the end of each match date is the length in cM of the shared IBD segment.

IBD Matches of Tisa Region E-V13 Ancient Individuals

E-FGC111450

Puspokladany 23 PLE 23 950-1000 AD

• I7251 Czech Bellbeaker 4000 BC 8.07
• I14172 Czech Baalberge 4300-3500 BC 8.36
• SB603A England Sussex 3500 BC 8.02
• HAN002 Russia Moscow-Khanevo 2700 BC 8.29
• TRM006 Czech Corded Ware Trmice 2700 BC 8.36
• I6713 Russian Afanasievo Middle Yenesei 2500 BC 8.27
• I4779 Kazakhstand MLBA Kairan 1700 BC 8.36
• I13799 Czech LBA- Knoviz Prague 1300-900 BC 8.05
• R6681 Serbia Sirmium Roman Era 257-404 AD 12.09
• ALT-369 Tisza Hungary (Alattyan-Tulat) 700-850 AD 8.37

E-FGC111451

Szekkutas 265 SZKT265 Szekkutas-Kaponadulo 680-800 AD

• I10436 Moldova MBA multicordonedware 2000 BC 8.25
• Kivutkalns209 Latvia BA Kivutkalns 650 BC 8.06
• HH-22 Homokmegy-Halom Hungary 600-800 AD 8.47
• I16753 North Hungary Mountains Visonta 700-800 AD 8.34

E-S2979

Tiszanana 18 TCS18 Tiszanana-Cseh-tanya 975-1000 AD

• I5834 Germany Bellbeaker Irlbach 2500 BC 10.49
• CAH010 Czech Corded Ware Cachovice 2350 BC 8.08
• VLI023 Czech Bellbeaker Vlineves 2200 BC 8.06
• VLI023 Czech Bellbeaker Vlineves 2200 BC 8.06
• VLI050 Czech EBA Unetice 1850 BC 8.98
• I13794 Czech LBA Knoviz Prague 1300-900 BC 8.06
• s19vvv Estonia BA Harju 1200-1000 BC 9.8
• IBE-206 Hungary Ibrany-Esbohalom 900-1000 AD 10.00

Szekkutas 70 SZKT70 Szekkutas-Kaponadulo 700-800 AD

• R10654 Austria Vindobona (Vienna) 258-407 AD 10.27
• A1818 Danube-Tisza Interfluve Kunpeszer 630-670 AD 8.32
• SZM-332 Hungary Late Avar Szeged-M 700-750 AD 13.63

Szeged 130 SZK130 Szeged-Kundomb Tuv, Atsym am 30-770 AD

• SZM-256 Szeged-Makko `` E-V13 600-700 AD 20.98
• KK1-541 Kiskundorozsma 660-700 AD 23.66

Szeged 259 SZM259 Szeged-Makkoserdo 600-700 AD

• I13028 Netherlands Ottoland Bellbeaker 2500-2100 BC 8.16
• I6581 Poland Bellbeaker Kornice 2300 BC 8.3
• DA139 Russia Sarmatian Caspian Steppe 800 BC-100 AD 9.6
• BRE010 Kazakhstan Berel IA 400 BC-100 AD 14.49
• ATS-001 Mongolia Tuv Xiongnu 23-121 AD 10.8
• BUR003 Mongolia Arkhangai Xiongnu 150 BC-450 AD 8.11
• TRE012 Kazakhstan Berel IA 35-125 AD 11.61
• BRE004 Kazakhstan Berel IA 253-402 AD 11.44
• SZK-130 Szeged-Kundomb Hungary 725-775 AD 103.95

Kiskundorozsma 251 KK1-251 Kiskundorozsma-Kettoshatar 685-733 AD

• KDA-188 Kiskundorozsma-Darushalom 653-774AD 41.06
• KK1-252 Kiskundorozsma-Kettoshatar 660-700 AD 680.07
• KK1-541 Kiskundorozsma-Kettoshatar 660-700 AD 425.14

E-Z5018

Szekkutas 311 SZKT311 Szekkutas-Kaponadulo 680-700 AD

• I7030 Mongolia EIA Sagly 4 389-208 BC 9.00

Alattyan 369 ALT369 Alattyan 700-850 AD

• A181028 Hungary_Transtisza_Late Sarmatian 350-450 AD 8.58
• ACG-19 Borsaod-Abauj 645-758 AD 9.29
• PLE-23 See Puspokladany 23 950-1000 AD 8.37
• MH-88 Magyarhomorog-Konyad 1000- 1100 AD 8.28
•  DA-199 Hungary_Medieval.SG 1216-1280 AD 9.16

Homokmegy 10 HH10 Homokmegy-Halom 700-800 AD

• I10046 Croatia (Potocani) Lasinja/Lengyel 4300-3900 BC 8.11
• I5387 England (Avebury, Wiltshire) 3300-2500 BC 8.75
• PLE-28 Puspokladany, 950-1000 AD 16.41
• KK1-368 Kiskundorozsma-Kettosh 700-740 AD `14.42
• PLE-28 Puspokladany, 950-1000 AD 16.41

Alattyan 442 ALT442 Alattyan-Tulat 680-700 AD

• A181021 Hungary Transtisza Late Sarmatian 350-450 AD 11.90
• I13751 England Arras culture Yorkshire 400-50 BC 8.31
• CSB-9 Csongrad-Berzsenyi Hungary 500-700 AD 8.37
• I15743 Croatia Medieval (Trogir) 674-774 AD 11.38
• I15463 Croatia Medieval (Trogir) 700-800 AD 11.23
• I15741 Croatia Medieval (Trogir) 771-952 AD 11.25
• JHT-30 Janoshida-Tok Hungary Avar 774-882 AD 77.3
• TCS-5 Tisanana-Cseh Conqueror Elite 969-1000 AD 8.05

E-BY3880

Oroshaza 106 OBT106 Oroshaza-Bonum 600-900 AD

• BRISE515 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2250 BC 8.17
• RISE516 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2100 BC 8.15
• RISE670 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2000 BC 8.47
• BIR013 Kazakhstan Birlik Tasmoal EIA 776-481 BC 11.25
• BRE010 Kazakhstand Berel IA 400 BC-100 AD 12.32
• C2042 China Xinjiang Chaganguole (Aletai) 360-103 BC 16.63
• TEV002 Mongolia Uvurkhangai Xiongnu 200 BC-100 AD 9.65
• BTO001 Mongolian Bulgan Xiongnu 200 BC-100 AD 10.25
• DA39 Mongolia Xiongnu 150 BC-125 AD 53.96
• ATS001 Mongolia Tuv Xiongnu 23-121 AD 19.19
• BRE007 Kazakhstan Berel IA 234-326 AD 11.39
• DA27 Kazakhstan Nomad Hun Sarmatian 265-539 AD 12.15
• R3545 Croatia Tilurium Roman 431-532 AD 9.04
• MM-80 Mako-Mikocsa Hungarian Early Avar 590-654 AD 8.98
• I18235 Albertirsa-Szentmartoni Hungary 600-650 AD 10.15
• I16812 Derecske 20799 E-FGC11450 600-650 AD 8.65
• OLN009 Mongolia Arkhangai Early Medieval 600-650 AD 8,87
• A1807 Szarvas-Kovacs Hungary Transtisza 630-670 AD 9.44
• OBt-51 Oroshaza 51 661-775 AD 847.57
• TCS-2 Tiszanana-Cseh-tanya 706-878 AD 10.66
• MM151 Mako-Mikocsa Hungary Early Avar 799-750 AD 9,18
• BAY001 Montolia Tuv Late Medieval 1000-1500 AD 13.87

Szegvar 829 SZOD1-829 Szegvar-Oromdulo 625-650 AD

• I7959 Czech EBA Unetice 2150-1850 BC 8.04
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD 8.79
• SZOD376 Szolad Hungary, Langobard 412-604 AD 8.58
• R10666 Austria Ovilava Roman 657-774 AD 9.34
• TMH-199 Hungarian Late Avar 663-818 AD 586.93

Tiszafured 199 TMH199 Tiszafured-Majoros-halom Late Avar

• N20 Poland TRB Pitkutkowo 3533-3377 BC 8.28
• R11391 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD 30.09
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD 8.79
• A1805 Szarvas-Kovacs Hungary Transtisza 630-660 AD 13.20
• AN-286 Apatfalva Hungary Early Avar 630-660 AD 8.01
• SZOD1-820 Segvar Hungary Early Avar 650-675 AD 586.93

Pitvarios 12 PV12 Pitvaros-Viztarozo 700-800 AD

• DA39 Mongolia Xiongnu 150 BC-125 AD 8.36
• BRE014 Kazakhstan Berel IA 250-402 AD 8.74
• MT-23 Madaras Hungary Avar 670-700 AD 8.92

Ibrany-90 IBE 90 Ung county 1000-1100 AD

• A1814 Kolked Tisza Hungary 600-650 AD 8.10
• I13170 Montenegro Velika Grude 800-400 BC 11.73
• I2445 Oxfordshire England Bellbeaker 2200-1985I AD 8.76
• I4531 Turkey (Cedit on Black Sea) 227-337 AD 10.53
• PLE-200 Puspokladany Tisa Hungary Bihar 892-993 AD 10.51
• R9910 Doclea Montenegro 900-1024 AD 8.9
• SZAK-1 Szakony – Hungary Elite 900=1000 AD 12.36
• SZOD-566 Szegvar-Oromdulo Hungary Commoner 900-1000 AD 17.03 

List E

This this is a reorganization of the list above. It also removes the IBD matches to Avar-era individuals so that it excludes Tisa era contemporary matches. It also removes haplogroups because since these related haplogroups lived together in one region from 600-1000 AD, we can assume they had likely lived together since the formation of E-BY3880 (since 2400 BC); previous to that their lineages were the same one lineage.

Ancient IBD of Tisza E-FGC111450+

• I10046 Croatia (Potocani) Lasinja 4300-3900 BC
• I14172 Czech Baalberge 4300-3500 BC
• I7251 Czech Bellbeaker 4000 BC
• N20 Poland TRB Pitkutkowo 3533-3377 BC
• SB603A England Sussex 3500 BC
• I5387 England (Avebury, Wiltshire) 3300-2500 BC
• HAN002 Russia Moscow-Khanevo 2700 BC
• I6713 Russian Afanasievo Middle Yenesei 2500 BC
• RISE515 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2250 BC
• RISE516 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2100 BC
• RISE670 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2000 BC
• TRM006 Czech Corded Ware Trmice 2700 BC
• I5834 Germany Bellbeaker Irlbach 2500 BC
• I13028 Netherlands Ottoland Kromme-Ellenboog 2500-2100 BC
• CAH010 Czech Corded Ware Cachovice 2350 BC
• I6581 Poland Bellbeaker Kornice 2300 BC
• VLI023 Czech Bellbeaker Vlineves 2200 BC
• I7959 Czech EBA Unetice 2150-1850 BC
• I10436 Moldova MBA multicordonedware 2000 BC
• VLI050 Czech EBA Unetice 1850 BC
• I4779 Kazakhstan MLBA Kairan 1700 BC
• I13799 Czech LBA- Knoviz Prague 1300-900 BC
• I13794 Czech LBAKnoviz Prague 1300-900 BC
• s19_v9_2 Estonia BA Harju 1200-1000 BC
• BIR013 Kazakhstan Birlik Tasmoal EIA 776-481 BC
• Kivutkalns209 Latvia BA Kivutkalns 650 BC
• I13751 Yorshire) Arras 400-50 BC
• BRE010 Kazakhstand Berel IA 400 BC-100 AD
• I7030 Mongolia EIA Sagly 4 389-208 BC
• C2042 China Xinjiang Chaganguole (Aletai) 360-103 BC
• BTO001 Mongolian Bulgan Xiongnu 200 BC-100 AD
• TEV002 Mongolia Uvurkhangai Xiongnu 200 BC-100 AD
• DA39 Mongolia Xionnu 150 BC-125 AD
• BUR003 Mongolia Arkhangai Xiongnu 150 BC-450 AD
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD
• ATS-001 Mongolia Tuv Xiongnu 23-121 AD
• TRE012 Kazakhstan Berel IA 35-125 AD
• BRE007 Kazakhstan Berel IA 234-326 AD
• BRE014 Kazakhstan Berel IA 250-402 AD
• BRE004 Kazakhstan Berel IA 253-402 AD
• R6681 Serbia Sirmium 257-404 AD
• R10654 Austria Vidobona 258-407 AD
• DA27 Kazakhstan Nomad Hun Sarmatian 265-539 AD
• SZOD376 Szolad Hungary, Langobard 412-604 AD
• R3545 Croatia Tilurium Roman 431-532 AD
• OLN009 Mongolia Arkhangai Early Medieval 600-650 AD
• R10666 Austria Ovilava Roman 657-774 AD
• BAY001 Montolia Tuv Late Medieval 1000-1500 AD

These IBD matches are all either descendants of or cousins to their respective E-FGC11450+ matches. If they are cousins of those matches, it means they shared a common ancestor with them, but in that case we cannot assume that the common ancestor lived in the same location, culture and time as did the match. And since we can't know which of these IBD matches was an ancestor rather than a cousin, we can't say for certain that E-FGC11450 had been living at the places and times listed above.

We are most interested in the history of the Swaim/den Hartog lineage, which diverged from the other E-FGC11450 lineages at some unknown time after 900 BC, and that which was only one lineage from its parent haplogroup E-FGC11451, which was only one lineage among many from its parent haplogorup E-S2979, and so on. The Swaim/den Hartog lineage, like very paternal lineage, could exist only at one place at one time (other than when a father was away from his son and/or grandson, which was was probably usually temporary rather than a permanent migration). Because the E-FGC11450+ Tisa region individuals were living in the same region between 500-1000 AD, it's likely that their paternal lines had lived together as a clan in the same geogrphical region forever, because once a group of related individuals breaks apart, it isn't likely that they'll from back together later unless they've kept inclose contact with each other, which usually means that they lived in the same geographical vicinity. And keep in mind that as we go backward in time, the lines of all of the E-FGC11450+ indiviudals merge together until at the formation of E-BY3880 around 2400 BC all of these lines were then one lilne and thus obviously shared common geography and culture.

However, the autosome of any particular man is determined solely by the female lines that have fed into his paternal line. The paternal line has no autosome itself, and changes at every generation. The degree of magnitude of that change in terms of varying ancestral proportions depends on whether the female at that generation had come from the same “gene pool” as had the male, or from outside of it and, if outside of it, from how far outside of it. At most times in the past most men and women married into relatively endogamous gene pools in which alleles deleted through recombination would be replaced with one of a limited variety of alleles. This of course also means that they would have shared most the same ancestors. However, occasionally the parents of a child would come from less endogamous gene pools, which in the past usually meant that one of the pair had come from a geographically more distant region. In that case, the parents would share fewer ancestors and the child will have a more varied ancestry. Radically non-endogamous sexual pairs would have occurred when immigrants arrived from a distant region, such as migrations from the Pontic Steppe into the Balkans, and particularly once the Roman Empire had taken control of the Balkans and began moving populations around to serve their political purposes, and began posting soldiers from elsewhere in tis empire into the Balkans.

Thus, while the E-FGC11450+ men in the Tisa region 600-1000 AD may have shared a common ancestry from before the arrival of the Romans and steppe peoples into the Balkans, after that time the female inputs into the different lines would likely have become more varied and the new inputs would not have been equally shared among all the members until some generations had passed and new inputs ceased. This is why some of the E-FGC11450+ individuals in the first IBD list had no IBD matches from Kazakhstan or Mongolia, or from Xiongnus, while others did not. The Huns, Avars, Magyars, Sarmatians, Alans and Goths brought with them ancestries that had not before existed in the Balkans region.

This is why we can't assume that all of the IBD matches listed above represent the ancestry of the Swaim/den Hartog line. This is particulary true of the newer ancestries, meaning the ancestres not only from Asia, but from western and northern Europe as well. If we assume that each E-V13 descendant haplogroup is more autosomally related to each other than as well as Y-DNA related to each other, this is also why IBD matches of E-FGC11450 are more likely to also be Swaim/den Hartog ancestors, with that being somewhat less likely for each parent haplogroup in proportion to its distance from E-FGC11450. Also, the more widely spread a particular IBD match (or location) was among the Tisa individuals, the more likely it will be that it was an ancestor of the Swaim/den Hartog line as well.

Another thing to keep in mind is that the matches before 3000 BC are likely to have been Early European Farmers with a mostly Mediterranean heritage, although also probably with a small percentage of European Hunter-Gatherer ancestry. This is because the Yamnaya (Indo-European) steppe people hadn't yet migrated en masse into Europe and dominated it genetically (especially male lines) and socially.

Brief Analysis of Ancestry from IBD Matches

Among these Tisa E-V13 men, the pre-3000 AD matches are from:

• Croatia 4200 BC
• Czech Republic 4000 BC
• England 3500 BC
• Poland 3400 BC

Southeastern Balkans, the Thracian homeland, is not represented here. This could be due to chance, since these IBD matches are very old it's somewhat surprising that DNA segmens 8 cM+ in size could survive that long. Or it could be possible that the E-FGC11450 lien had never lingered in that region, but after reaching the Balkans from Anatolia had moved east to Croatia, then north to the region of today's Czech Republic and Poland. However, it's also possible that any or all of these matches are input from females lines that E-FGC11450 had never resided in. It's unlikely that the paternal line had ever lived in England, and the English IBD matches are probably either cousins with a common ancestor who had lived in the Balkans even earlier than 3500 BC or are from later female lines that had made their way into Hungary by 600 AD (keep in mind that this doesn't necessarily mean that the immigrant from England would have been a woman—more likely it had been a man, and one of female descendants had married an E-FGC11450+ male). It could also have come from a man from the Balkans migrating to England, but only before 3500 BC, which seems unlikely.

                                                                                 List F

This list includes the IBD matches of not only the Tisa E-V13 matches, but also from three other Y-DNA haplogroups that Davranoglou et al identified as Paleo-Balkan; R1b-CTA1450, R1b-Z2103 and J2b-Z600. The autosomal IBD matches of these non-E-V13 individuals in these haplogroups are relevant for the analysis of Tisa E-V13 ancestors because from at least 600-1000 AD individuals from all these Y-DNA haplogroups lived together in the Tisa region and were presumably part of one gene pool. Since IBD segments are distributed among descendants randomly, ancient IBD segments may be found in only one or a few descendants of a common ancestor, and thus although the IBD matches to the non-E-V13 Tisa individuals could have come from common ancestors who were also common ancestors of some of the E-V13 Tisa individuals as well.

Combined IBD Matches to Tisza Paleo-Balkan Y-DNA Haplogroups E-V13, R1b-CTA1450, R1b-Z2103, J2b-Z600

• R8 Italy Abruzzo Grotta de Cotinenza 5830-5718 BC
• BOBN009 France MN Obernai (n. Strasbourg) 4537-4364 BC
• I10053 Croatia Lasinja Potocani 4300 BC
• I10046 Croatia (Potocani) 4300-3900 BC E-V13
• I14172 Czech Baalberge 4300-3500 BC E-V13
• I7251 Czech Bellbeaker 4000 BC E-V13
• I6764 Scotland Sutherland Embo (x2) 3899-2500 BC
• N20 Poland TRB Pikutkowo 3633-3377 BC
• N20 Poland TRB Pitkutkowo 3533-3377 BC E-V13
• SB603A England Sussex 3500 BC E-V13
• PB754 Ireland MN Clare Park Nabinnia 3500 BC
• I5387 England (Avebury, Wiltshire) 3300-2500 BC E-V13
• 1H07 France Mont Aime 3300 BC
• ROUQW France La Clape 3250 BC
• ros004 Sweden 3000 BC
• I6713 Russia Afanasievo 3000-2000 BC
• I10565 Russia Afanasievo 2889 BC
• TRM006 Czech Corded Ware Trmice 2700 BC E-V13
• HAN002 Russia Moscow-Khanevo 2700 BC E-V13
• N47 Poland Corded Ware 2600-2250 BC
• I14858 Somerset England 2500-1900 BC
• I4139 Czech EBA Starounetice 2500-1900 BC
• I6775 England Somerset Bellbeaker 2500-1900 BC
• I6713 Russian Afanasievo Middle Yenesei 2500 BC E-V13
• I5834 Germany Bellbeaker Irlbach 2500 BC E-V13
• I13028 Netherlands OttolandBellbeaker 2500-2100 BC E-V13
• CAH010 Czech Corded Ware Cachovice 2350 BC E-V13
• PDA005 Czech MBA Unetice Prahadablice 2300 BC
• I11443 Italy Sicily EBA 2280 BC
• RISE515 Russia BA, Okunevo Verkhni Askiz 2250 BC E-V13
• VLI023 Czech Bellbeaker Vlineves (x2) 2200 BC E-V13
• I7959 Czech EBA Unetice 2150-1850 BC E-V13
• I13468 Czech EBA Unetice 2150 BC E-V13
• RISE516 Russia BA Okunevo Verkluni Askiz 2100 BC
• MOK21A Serbia Mokrin 2100-1800 BC
• MOK23 Serbia Mokrin 2100- 1800 BC
• Spiginas2 Lithuania 2000 BC
• OBKR_50 Germany Lech EBA 2000 BC
• RISE670 Russia BA Okunevo Verkhuni Askis 2000 BC E-V13
• I10436 Moldova multicordonedware (x2) 2000 BC E-V13
• IB009 Czech EBA Eunitice 1980-1745 BC
• M1B018 Czech MBA Unetice Mikulovice 1900 BC
• MIB002 Czech EBA :Unetice 1900 BC
• MIB031 Czech EBA Eunetice 1900 BC
• I4286 Uzbekistan Sappali Tepe 1890 BC
• VLI050 Czech EBA Unetice 1850 BC E-V13
• RISE109 Poland Unetice Wojkowice 1800 BC
• I4779 Kazakhstan MLBA Kairan 1700 BC E-V13
• KD049 Scotland Orkney Westray 1650-1300 BC
• I4331 Croatia MBA Veliki Vanik 1618-1517 BC
• I4331 Croatia MBA Veliki Vanek 1600 BC
• I18417 Croatia MLBA Bezdanjaca Cave 1500-800 BC
• I1852 Russia 1550 BC
• I18719 Croatia MLBA 1500-800 BC
• I12082 Netherlands MBA Hoogkarspel 1450-1250 BC
• I13794 Czech LBAKnoviz Prague 1300-900 BC E-V13
• I13799 Czech LBA- Knoviz Prague 1300-900 BC E-V13
• I13792 Czech LBA Knoviz 1300-800 BC
• I16089 Czech LBA Knoviz 1300-800 BC
• I2656 Scotland MBA Longniddry (x2) 1280-940 BC
• s19vvv Estonia BA Harju 1200-1000 BC E-V13
• I20184 Bulgaria EIA Kapitan Andreevo 1100-500 BC
• I6365 Mongolia EIA 800 BC
• I13170 Montenegro IA Velika Gruda 800-400 BC
• I13170 Montenegro Velika Gruda 800-400 BC
• Kivutkains25 Latvia BA 800-550 BC
• DA139 Russia Sarmatian Caspian Steppe 800 BC-100 AD E-V13
• I12106 Slovakia IA Verkerzug Komarno 780-550 BC
• BIR013 Kazakhstan Birlik Tasmoal EIA 776-481 BC E-V13
• I17181 Armenia EAI Pijut 775-550 BC
• C3353 China Xinjian Songshugou EIA 770-480 BC
• Scy009 Ukraine Scythia Cherkasy Region 770-420 BC
• Kivutkains19 Latvia BA 730-400 BC
• Kivutkalns209 Latvia BA Kivutkalns (x) 650 BC E-V13
• BRE006 Kazakhstan Berel 400 BC-100 AD
• I41858 Kent England 396-207 BC
• I13751 England (East Riding, Yorshire) 400-50 BC E-V13
• BRE010 Kazakhstan Berel IA (x2) 400 BC-100 AD E-V13
• ERS1164 France Grand Est Erstain 400-100 BC
• I7030 Mongolia EIA Sagly 4 389-208 BC E-V13
• BIR010 Kazakhstan Birlik IA 370-200 BC
• C2042 China Xinjiang Chaganguole (Aletai) 360-103 BC E-V13
• I11992 England MIA LIA Somerset 343-50 BC
• BTO001 Mongolian Bulgan Xiongnu 200 BC-10 E-V13
• TEV002 Mongolia Uvurkhangai Xiongnu 200 BC-1000 AD E-V13
• IMA005 Russia Buryatia Xiongnu Il'movaya 170-45 BC
• DA39 Mongolia Xiongnu (x3) 150 BC-125 AD E-V13
• BUR003 Mongolia Arkhangai Xiongnu 150 BC-450 AD E-V13
• TUH002 Mongolia Arkhangal Xiongnu 150 BC-450 AD
• DA29 Mongolia Xiongnu 150BC-125 AD
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD E-V13
• R11391 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD E-V13
• R10634 Poland Weklice Wielbark Culture 100 BC-250 AD E-V13
• BRE003 Kazakhstan Berel 32 BC-113 AD
• BRE009 Kazakhstan Berel 32 BC-124 AD
• R76 Italy Imperial Viale Rossini 1-200 AD
• R45 Italy Imperial Isola Sacra 1-400 AD
• R10618 Poland Weclice Wielbark 8-212 AD
• ATS001 Mongolia Tuv Xiongnu (x2) 23-121 AD
• ATS001 Mongolia Tuv Xiongnu (x2) 23-121 AD E-V13
• TRE012 Kazakhstan Berel IA 35-125 AD E-V13
• R9673 Serbia Viminacium Roman Elite 79-213 AD
• chy002 Russia Late Sarmatian 80-235 AD
• R1555 Italy Bivio Roman Urbino 81-210 AD
• 6859 Serbia Viminacium 88-212 AD
• DR2204 Slovakia Zohor Germanic Roman 100-200 AD
• tem002 Russia Late Sarmatian 121-246 AD
• R9669 Serbia Viminacium Roman Elite 129-310 AD
• R9669 Serbia Viminacium Roman Elite 130-310 AD
• SOL001 Mongolia Arkhangai Xiongnu 200 BC-100 AD
• I4531 Turkey, Cedit (Samsun) Roman 227-337 AD
• R6681 Serbia Beska Severi Valentian 257-404 AD
• BRE007 Kazakhstan Berel IA 234-326 AD E-V13
• BRE014 Kazakhstan Berel IA 250-402 AD E-V13
• BRE014 Kazakhstan Berel IA 250-402 AD E-V13
• BRE004 Kazakhstan Berel IA 253-402 AD E-V13
• R6681 Serbia Beski Severi Valentian 257-404 AD E-V13
• R10654 Austria Klosterneuberg (Vienna) 258-407 AD E-V13
• CSB-3 Croatia Popova 260-425 AD
• ADDA27 Kazakhstan Nomad Hun Sarmatian 265-540 AD
• DA27 Kazakhstan Nomad Hun Sarmatian 265-539 AD E-V13
• DA27 Kazakhstand Nomad Hun Sarmatian 265-539 A
• R10499 Portugal Late Roman Miroico 357-404 AD
• Ind004 Germany Alt-Inden Medieval Saxon 400-800 AD
• IND014 Alt-Inden Germany 400-800 AD
• BRE010 Kazakhstan Berel IA 400 BC-100 AD
• MDM007 Netherlands Friesland Midlum 400-650 AD
• BRE006 Kazakhstan Berel 400 BC-100 AD
• SZ5 Hungary Lombar Szolad 412-604 AD
• SZ16 Szolad Hungary 412-694 AD
• SZ22 Szolad Hungary 412-604 AD
• R3545 Croatia Tilurium Roman 431-532 AD E-V13
• DA66 Kyrgyzstan Tian Shan Hun 432-595 AD
• STR355 Germany Straubing Bajuwarenstrasse 510-530 AD
• Szkt265 Hungary Sekkutas265 E-FGC111450 600-900 AD
• ADN006 German Anderten (Hanover?) 600-1000 AD
• I16812 Derecske Bikas-dulo 600-650 AD
• OLN009 Mongolia Arkhangai Early Medieval 600-650 AD E-V13
• I10450 Turkey Byzantine Bursa Marmara 679-823 AD
• DA95 Kazakhstan Nomad Tian Shan 650-750 AD
• R10666 Austria Ovilava Roman 657-774 AD E-V13
• I15742 Croatia Medieval Trogir 661-775 AD
• I15743 Croatia Medieval Trogir 674-774 AD E-V13
• ARK-14 Arkus-Homobanya Hungary 684-884 AD
• I20798 Derecske-Hosszu Transtisza Hungary 700-800 AD
• I15463 Croatia Medieval Trogir 700-800 AD E-V13
• I15741 Croatia Medieval (\Trogir 771-952 AD E-V13
• DUN002 Germany Dunum Saxon Medieval 800-1000 AD
• I20798 Derecske-Hosszu Transtisza Hungary 700-800 AD
• C4149 China Xinjiang Kafulang 890-990 AD
• GRO016 Groningen, Netherlands Hoogkarspel 900-100 AD
• AGY-87 Hungary Conqueror Elite 900-1000 AD
• CSU-11 Hungary Conqueror Elite 900-1000 AD
• NK-2 Hungary Conqueror Elite 900-1000 AD
• I2525 Bulgaria Velik Tarnovo 900-1000 AD
• KH-500 Hungary Conqueror Elite 950-1000 AD
• K3-12 Hungary Conqueror Elite 960-1000 AD
• SP-2 Hungary Conqueror Elite 960-1000 AD
• R9918 Montenegro 996-2250 AD
• R3919 Sirmium Serbia 1000-1150 AD
• KRN001 Mongolia Selenge 1000-1400 AD
• TSA005 Mongolia Dornod Tsgaan Chuluut 1000-1500 AD
• BAY001 Montolia Tuv Late Medieval 1000-1500 AD E-V13
• R3482 Montenegro 1025-1142 AD
• R3482 Montenegro Doclea Bjelovine Roman1025-1152 AD
• Sunghir6 Russia Sunhir 1050-1200 AD
• R56 Italy Villa Magna Abruzzo 1280-1430 AD
• R1288 Italy Medieval Cancelleria 1350-1500 AD
• R3906 Serbia Sirmium Ottoman 1379-1634 AD
• R1219 Italy Medieeval Cancelleria 1421-1469 AD

I'll discuss various of thede IBD matches in upcoming posts, but for now one surprising result is the lack of individuals from the southeast Balkans (centering in today's Bulgaria), the homeland of the Thracians. Rather, the early matches come from further west and north: Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland. This may have been an early homeland of the paternal line, but it's also possible these IBD matches came through a female line that entered nto the paternal lines much later. The matches from the British Isles and France probably came from later female lines as well. The Netherlands and Dutch matches also no doubt came from female lines and this may have had to do with the amber trade; I'll discuss this in a later post. The Dutch matches are particularly interesting and may have come into the Tisa gene pool through an avenue other than the amber trade, a hypothesis I'm still thinking through.

Note that one of the IBD matches came from Ottoland, which is located a few miles west of Arkel and Middelkoop, the small region that's the earliest known homeland of the Swaim/den Hartog line. During and just after the lifetime of Jan van Arkel, the Knobbouts van Oss were the lords of Ottoland, and were very close to Jan van Arkel, the last lord of Arkel (after Jan van Arkel had been captured, imprisoned and deprived of his land, the Knobbout van Oss family purchased not only the van Arkel 28-morgen property in Arkel, but also the van Arkel home in Gorinchem). Is it likely to be merely a coincidence that an ancient individual from the Tisa region in Hungary had a genetic connection to the Land of Arkel, the 1400's home of the Swaim/den Hartog paternal line? Probably not, but the Tisa individual lived in Hungary during the 600's AD, while the Ottoland individual lived 3,000 years earlier. This presents a problem if we are trying to show this is not a coincidence. At this point I'm ambivalent as to whether or not this is merely a coincidence,

Chinese E-FGC111450 Members

“sojc”

I became aware of “sojc” a couple years ago, probably through a Google search on “e-fgc11450”. “sojc” is the user name of a person on the Eupedia.com forum string “Chinese E-V13 CTS 1273?” dated 2 May 2020. “sojc” claims that his father was born in “northeast China and identifies a full Han Chinese.” “sojc” aays that he himself was born in Canada. He stated that 23&Me stated that he was E-V13 and that an online “subgroup predicto” said that he was most likely E-CTS1273. E-CTS1273 is one of the parent haplogroups of E-FGC11450 just above E-BY3880. “sojc” also said that autosomal results from 23&Me for his father indicated that his father, supposedly full Han, had 0.4% European ancestry, while “sojc” himself showed no European ancestry but did show “some tiny Central Asian.” This is interesting because various of the Stepped peoples including Huns, Avars and Hungarians could have both European and Central Asian ancestry. However, if “sofjc” has Central Asian but his father doesn't, then it must have come through his mother and this would be irrelevant to the paternal line analysis. However, even small amounts of European ancestry should be quite rare in Han Chinese.

In a later post “sojc” said that originally 23&Me had said that both he and his father were 0.4% Italian but that a recent update changed his father to 0.2% British/Irish and for “sojc” eliminated European ancestry altogether. In this case it appears that 23&Me was probably correct the first time—or at least more correct.

Also in a later post “sojc” claimed that he had ordered an E-V13 panel from Y-SEQ. This explains why I didn't see anything on him in FTDNA. Y-SEQ tests for SNPs, either individually , in a panel, or with a whole genome test. “sojc” was aware of FTDNA's Big-Y test but that cost about $500 whereas the Y-SEQ E-V13 panel cost $88.

In another post (3 May 2020) “sojc” wrote the following: “I had heard that the ancestral peninsula between Beijing and Korea (present day Shandong province, formerly State of Qi) my dad's family name (Tian) historically used to rule 2200-2400 years ago was previously inhabited by caucasians (guess probably steppe people) before the Han population expanding from west overtook it.” Wonder if it was possible some of the previous Shandong people were E-V13, if Marco Polo didn't bring it.”

In a 3 July 2020 post “sojc” showed partial results showing that he was positive for E-FGC11450, although Y-SEQ was still testing for descendant haplogroups of E-FGC11450.

In a 17 July 2020 post “sojc” posted his final results, which is that he didn't match any of the descendant branches of E-FGC11450 that Y-SEQ tested, which are:

• FGC11444 `
• Y146086
• Y173822
• Y17747
• BY5004

Of these, Y146086,Y173822 and BY5004 are shown in the E-FGC11450 tree previously shown. FGC11444 and Y17747 are shown in the YFull tree to be descendant branches of E-FGC11465 rather than direct descendant branches of E-FGC111450. Y-SEQ apparently didn't test for Y58870 and it wouldn't have tested for the Swaim/den Hartog E-189392 (E-FT389281) descendant branch of E-FGC111450 because I was the only one who'd tested at that time and that was just a private SNP at that point rather than a named haplogroup.

It's possible that “sojc” is the private person who tested with FTDNA as E-FT388654, the only thus-far known descendant branch of E-FT389281. If so, he would be the closest SNP-tested match to the Swaim/den Hartog line. However, there's no evidence that this is the case.

It's quite interesting that "sojc" and his father had both been estimated to have had trace "Italian" ancestry, which later was changed to "British/Irish." This ancestry is no doubt real, and probably closer to Italian (Mediterranean) than British. This may parallel my own trace "Central Asian" DNA (as I'll show in a later post, GENmatch.com shows that I have a small amount of East Asian DNA). We may be approaching the last few generations in which this trace DNA will exist, on either side of the Eurasian Steppe. "sojc"'s paternal haplogroup, however, will last as long as his paternal line lasts.

Chinese E-MF172290 (E-Z5018)

YFull shows two matches from China who are haplogroup E-MF172290, a branch of E-Y184545, which is a branch of E-Z5018:

For this post I've named these two matches E-MF172290 SN and E-MF172290 SD. E-MF172290 SN lives in Shaanxi province in northwest China and E-MF172290 SD lives in Shandong province in northeast China. Shandong province is the same province that 'sojc”''s paternal line comes from, so it wouldn't be surprising to discover that their ancestors had been part of the same group that had left the Balkans/Hungary on their permanent journey to China.

YFull estimates that the common ancestor of these two Chinese matches lived in 150 AD. YFull also estimates that the common ancestor of haplogroup E-Y154545, which includes the two Chinese matches, a French match and a Polish match, lived in 1300 BC. Thus, the common ancestor(s) of the two Chinese men is most likely to have lived between 1300 BC and 120 AD under the assumption that it's most likely that their two lines diverged in China rather than in Europe.

“Shaanxi [province] is considered one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Thirteen feudal dynasties established their capitals in the province during a span of more than 1,100 years...The province's principal city and current capital, Xi'an...is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, which leads to Europe, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa.” (Shaanxi - Wikipedia )

The Silk Road “began with the Han dynasty's expansion into Central Asia around 114 BCE...by the early first centruy CE, Chinese silk was widely sought-after in Rome, Egypt and Greece.....” (Silk Road - Wikipedia ) But well before the Silk Road was established, non-Chinese Steppe peoples were interacting with the Han Chinese. In the 700's BC Scythian people were were sellling gold from Central Asia to China and Chinese artists were imitating designs from the Scythian steppe nomads. A burial in Stuttgart, Germany, dating to the 500's BC had jade objects and silk from China. “Scythian grave sites [stretched] from the Black Sea region all the way to...Inner Mongolia...and Shaanxi (at Kshengzhuang)...in China.” “The expansion of Scythian cultures, strethcing from the Hungarian plain and the Carpathian Mountains, to the Chinese Gansu Corridor, and linking the Middle East with Northern India and the Punjab, undoubtedly played an important role in the development of the Silk Road. Scythians accompanied the Assyrian Esarhaddon on his invasion of Egypt, and [Scythian arrowheads] have been found as far south as Aswan.”

Furthermore, in China the steppe “barbarians” had in fact formed kingdoms as “sojc” implied. “The Sixteen Kingdoms...was a chaotic period in Chinese history from 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived dynastic states. The majority of these states were founded by the “Five Barbarians”, non-Han peoples who had settled in northern and western China during the preceding centuries, and had launched a series of rebellions against the Western Jin Dynasty in the early 4^th century.” “From the late Eastern Han dynasty [202 BC-220 AD] to the early Western Jin dynasty [266-420 AD], large numbers of non-Han peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the Xiongnu and Xianbei had been pastoral nomads from the northern steppes.” Relations between the Xiongnu (and other non-Han) and Han (ethnic Chinese) were often strained and violent, and one warlord of the time (Cao Cao) “had a policy of setting the Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shaanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture, but they retianed their distinct identity and resented the discrimination they received.” (Sixteen Kingdoms - Wikipedia )

The Xiongnu were from 200's BC-100's AD “...the dominant power on the steppes of East Asia, centered on the Mongollian Plateau. The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of Siberia, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjian. Their relations with adjacent Chinese dynasties to the south-east were complex—alternating between various periods of peace, war and subjugation. Ultimately, the Xiongnu were defeated by the Han dyansty...[which led to] the forcible resettlement of large numbers of Xiongnu within Han borders.” (//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu) “The name Xiongnu may be cognate with that of the Huns and/or the Huna, although this is disputed.”

The genetics of the Huns and Avars was studied by scientists and a paper published in 2022 that concluded that “Our data show that at least part of the military and social leader strata of both European Huns and Avars likely originated from the area of the former Xiongnu Empire, from present-day Mongolia, and both groups can be traced back to early Xiongnu ancestors. Northern Xiongnu were expelled from Mongolia in the second century CE,...” (The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians (cell.com) ) and migrated westward, encountering European steppe populations that theyintermixed with.”Thus our data are in accordance with the Xiongn ancestry of of European Huns, claimed by several historians. We also detected Goth- or other Germanic-type genomes among our Hun period samples.....”

The Avars also had Asian ancestry, with the elites having more of this ancestry than the commoners. “Our models indicate tht the Avars incorporated groups with Xiongnu/Hun__Asia_Core and Iranian-related ancestries, presumably the remnants of the European Huns and Alans and other Iranian peoples of the Pontic Steppe....”

“The Conquerors [Hungarians] who arrived in the Carpathian Basin after the Avars, had a distinct genomic background with elevated levels of western Eurasian admixture. Their core population carried very similar genomes to modern Bashkirs and Tatars...their genoomes were shaped by several admixture events, of which the most fundamental was the Mezhovskaya-Nganasan admixure around the late Bronze Age, leading to the formation of a “Proto-Ugric” gene pool. This was part of a general demographic process, when most Steppe__MLBA populations received an eastern Khovsgol-related Siberian influx together with a BMAC influx, and ANA[Ancient Northeast Asian]-related admixture became ubiquitous on the eastern Steppe, “establishing the Scytho-Siberian gene pool. Consequently proto-Ugric groups could be part of the early Scytho-Siberian societies of the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region....” “All analysis consisently indicated that the ancestors of Conquerors further admixed with a group from Mongolia, carrying Han-ANA-related ancestry, which could be identified with ancestors of European Huns. This admixture likely happened before the Huns arrived in the Volga region (370 CE) and integrated local tribes east of the Urals, including Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Conquerors. These data are compatible with a Conqueror homeland around the Ural region, in the vicinity of early Sarmations, along the migration route of the Huns....Recently, a Nganasan-like shared Siberian genetic ancestry was detected in all Uralic-speaking populations, Hungarians being the exception. Our data resolve this paradox by showing that the core population of conquering Hungarians had high Nganasan ancestry. The fact that it is negligible in modern Hungarians is likely due to substantially smaller number of immigrants compared to the local population.” (The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians (cell.com) )

“The large number of genetic outliers with Hun_Asia_Core ancestry in both Avars and Conquerors testifies that these successive nomad groups were indeed assembled from overlapping populations.” (The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians (cell.com) )

6 March 2024 Update: I've changed the name of Arpad 53 to Székesfehérvár 53 to comply with the place-number format of the other ancient individuals. I've also changed the estimated date range due to new information as will be discussed in my next post.

13 March 2024 Update: I've added a new match Derecske 20802 to the E-V13 with unknwn descendant haplogroup list. The information for this ancient match comes from Gnecchi-Ruscone et al (2022) Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites: Cell, "Data S1" and "Table S1" (supplementary materials). This male came from the "Derecske-Karakas-dulo cemetary, which is different from the Derecske Hosszu-lapos cemetary that E-FGC11450 Derecske 20799 came from. This grave was much older. "The genomic profile of this individual matches the one of the later Sarmatian individuals from the same region, Transtisza...that overall also matches the ancestry of the Szolad_others_6c group and was therefore included in the LS_P_Transtisza_4-5c group for the group-based analysis (Fig. xvill)." In Table S1 "I20802" was determined to have been in the Y-DNA hapb1szlogroup "E1b1b1a1b1a (...L142.1)". L142.1 is the same as E-V13; however, the descendant haplgroup of E-V13 was not determined or reported. This is important because this ancient man proves that E-V13 was present in the Iazyges Sarmatian territory during the 200's AD. He was found in a cemetary close that of E-FGC11450 Derecske 20799, who died between 750-800 AD, at least 450-500 years later than Derecske20802. This indicates a continiuity of E-FGC11450_ in the Tisa region from at least 300-1000 AD, and in Hungary from at least 300-1500 AD, or 1200 years, and probably much longer (possibly 2000 years for those still living in Hungary).

Links to Papers & Resources

Much of the detailed information of the following papers are located outside of the published papers themselves and can usually be found in a section called "Supplementary Materials."

Vyas et al “Fine-Scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5^th -6^th century Pannonia” (2023) Fine-scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5th-6th century Pannonia | bioRxiv

Davranoglou et al “Anceint DNA reveals the origins of the Albanians” (2023) Ancient DNA reveals the origins of the Albanians | bioRxiv

Ronchas et al “Diet, sex, and social status in the Late Avar period: stable isotope investigations at Nustar cemetary, Croatia” (2019) (PDF) Diet, sex, and social status in the Late Avar period: stThe genetic able isotope investigations at Nuštar cemetery, Croatia (researchgate.net)

Lazaridis et al “The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe” (2022) The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe - PMC (nih.gov)

Gnecchi-Ruscone et al “Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7^th century Avar elites” (2022)

Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites - PubMed (nih.gov)

Maroti et al “The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians” (2022) The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians - PubMed (nih.gov)

Maroti et al “Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars an conquering Hungarians” (2022) Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians | bioRxiv

Neparaczki et al “Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin” (2019) Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin - PubMed (nih.gov)

Olalde et al “Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples” (2021) Cosmopolitanism at the Roman Danubian Frontier, Slavic Migrations, and the Genomic Formation of Modern Balkan Peoples | bioRxiv

Olalde et al “A genomic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations” (2023) A Genetic History of the Balkans from Roman Frontier to Slavic Migrations - PMC (nih.gov)

Kasler et al Identifying the Arpad Dynasty skeletons interred in the Matthias Church (2021) Identifying the Árpád dynasty skeletons interred in the Matthias Church : applying data from historical, archaeological, anthropological, radiological, morphological, radiocarbon dating and genetic research (oszk.hu)

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